This article has been published in:
Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, Volume 28 Issue 1 2009

Foreword to this article - by Alberto Tedeschi

The considerable contribution made by modern quantum physics to the understanding of life’s mechanisms, and how the properties of water function and affect all living organisms is one of the most important breakthroughs in recent history of sciene.
All over the world many researchers (in particular from Israel, Russia, USA and Italy) have developed “special waters” that have singular characteristics so that they can be considered similar to the real “biological water” of the living systems. In Italy a team lead by Prof. Emilio Del Giudice (INFN) and Alberto Tedeschi (WHITE HB) invented a “special biological water”. The unique value of this water is its “supercoherence” state, a coherence spanning all the coherence domains (CD) throughout water, that is one of the the most important characteristic of a healthy living organism. This article describes some features of the biological water.
All HeavyLight devices use WHITE HB technology which activates this “supercoherence” state found in the biological water of healthy living organisms.

By Emilio Del Giudice (1)* and Alberto Tedeschi (2)

(1)  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Milano, Italy and
      International Institute of Biophysics (IIB), Neuss, Germany

(2)  WHITE HB, Milano, Italy

     * corresponding author

ABSTRACT

Water plays a fundamental role in living organisms. Liquid water includes coherence domains (CD) where all molecules oscillate in unison in tune with a self-trapped electromagnetic field at a well defined frequency. The coherent oscillation produces an ensemble of quasi-free electrons, able to collect noise energy from the environment and transform it into high grade coherent energy in form of electron vortices. This high grade energy may activate the biomolecules resonating with the water CD. In this way water CDs become dissipative structures in the sense of Prigogine and Froehlich. In this way CDs become able to oscillate and a coherence among them can be established. Autocatalysis in living matter thus is made possible.

Introduction

Water is the main component of living matter, accounting for the about 70% of the total mass and 99% of the total number of molecules. All the “respectable” biomolecules (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, vitamins, hormones and so on) , that are the only interesting molecules for the molecular biologist, account for the one percent only. Moreover water cannot be considered as a mere solvent since it is enough to loose a small amount of water , shifting the 1% to the 2% to meet severe problems of dehydration; as a matter of fact the physico-chemical properties of a dilute solution have no significant change for such change of concentration. We conclude that water cannot play the passive role of a container of biomolecules but should play a dynamical role (Voeikov V.L., 2007).

Another major puzzle in biology is the existence of “organic codes” (Barbieri, 2004) governing the interaction among molecules, that don’t follow a diffusion regime but obey to a mutual long-distance recognition and recall dynamics. How is that possible? In a cell a huge number of chemical reactions occurs following well defined time sequences without any mistake and at a rate  much higher than in vitro . The high rate and absence of mistakes imply that the underlying chemical dynamics should not be based on random collision but on the mutual long range attraction of the molecules in a selective way according to the specific organic code. A dynamical order reflecting the self-organizing ability of the system in a non linear regime, should appear producing an extended coherence of the fluctuations appearing in the system (Froehlich, 1967). An inspection in the toolbox of basic physical ingredients suggests as the only possible tool the electromagnetic field. Water appears as the only possible source of extended electromagnetic fields able to correlate among them distant molecules and change their frequencies according to the excitation supplied by the output of the chemical reactions. We will discuss in the present paper a rough sketch of a possible interplay between chemistry and electrodynamics in the frame of Quantum Field Theory.

Coherence in liquid water

In this section we will summarize the results obtained in the last two decades on the properties of liquid water (Del Giudice, Preparata and Vitiello,  1988) (Preparata, 1995) (Arani et al. 1995) (Del Giudice and Preparata, 1998). We start from the formulation of a general theorem proven by G.Preparata (Preparata, 1995). An ensemble of N microscopic units (atoms, molecules and so on) able to exist in different configurations, when the density N/V exceeds a critical threshold and the temperature T is below a threshold, has a minimum energy (ground) state where all units oscillate in unison with  a definite phase between a defined pair of configurations, selected by the dynamics, in tune with an electromagnetic (e.m.) field having the same phase. The size of the extended space region where this phase locking occurs is the wavelength λ of the e.m. mode resonating with the oscillation of the microscopic units ; if E is the energy difference between the two configurations, h is the Planck constant and c is the speed of light 

λ=hc/E                                                   (1)

This space region is termed Coherence Domain (CD). The frequency ν of the common oscillation matter-field cannot be any longer the value c/ l valid for free e.m. fields but gets renormalized by the dynamics into a smaller value, so that the squared mass m² of the photons of the CD’s e.m. field is no longer zero, but becomes

m²=h²ν² – h²c²/λ² <0                              (2)

Inequality (2) implies that photons cannot propagate so that they remain trapped within the CD (self trapping ). In this way the e.m. field cannot be irradiated outwards and the energy of the CD admits a lower bound. The difference of energy between this minimum energy state and the state where all particles are independent and the e.m. field is vanishing is called energy gap and is an increasing function of the density N/V.   To minimize the energy the system condenses, increasing its density as much as it can; in the case of water the density of the liquid is 1600 times larger than the density of the vapour.

At not vanishing temperature T the above coherent oscillations couple with the thermal fluctuations so that units flicker between the coherent and the non coherent state according to the relative weight of the energy gap and kT. We get then a flickering mixture of coherent CDs and non coherent molecules, as occurs in Landau model of liquid Helium. For each temperature there is a coherent fraction F_c(T) of coherent molecules and a non coherent fraction F_nc(T)=1-F_c(T) of non coherent molecules.

The above theory applies to all molecular species, but water is a special case, since the coherent oscillation in water occurs between the ground configuration where molecules keep their own electrons tigthly bound (the ionization energy is 12.60 eV) and an excited configuration where one electron is quasi-free; the energy of the excited state is actually 12.06 eV, only one half of an eV below the ionization threshold. The frequency ν of the water CD is 0.26 eV at T=0 and this value shrinks to about 0.2 eV at room temperature. The size of the water CD is 0.1 μm at T=0. Water CDs are then a reservoir of quasi-free electrons that can be released easily outwards either by quantum tunnel effect or by modest excitations. Water CDs are thus chemically reducing elements , whereas non coherent water is an oxidant. Should we be able to separate coherent and non coherent water we would get a redox potential, able to induce redox chemical reactions. This separation occurs actually near interfaces, such as membranes, hydrophilic surfaces , polar molecular backbones , microspheres and so on. The attraction with the foreign element allows to stabilize the CD protecting it from the external thermal assaults. As a consequence, interfacial water should be almost completely coherent and able to exhibit permanently the features outlined above. This prediction agrees with the peculiar properties of interfacial water detected by G. Ling (Ling, 2003) and Zheng and  Pollack (Zheng and Pollack, 2003), who found that in the vicinity of common hydrophilic materials, including biological interfaces, water becomes extensively ordered.

The presence of a reservoir of quasi-free electrons is a unique feature of liquid water and makes water  different than all other liquids, able to produce, as we will see in the following dissipative structures, in the sense of Prigogine (Prigogine,1962) (Prigogine and Nicolis, 1977). The connection between dissipative structures and water electrodynamic coherence has been discussed elsewhere (Del Giudice, Pulselli and Tiezzi, 2008).

The starting point is the ability of the reservoir of quasi-free electrons of producing metastable coherent excited states (Del Giudice and Preparata, 1998). When excited by some externally supplied energy the ensemble of quasi-free electrons can produce cold vortices having a quantized magnetic moment that aligns the vortices to the ambient magnetic fields including the earth magnetic field. Since this vortices are cold because of the coherence they cannot decay thermally, so their lifetime could be quite long (hours, days, months). The remarkable stability of the excited states produced in succussed water has been experimentally detected by V.Elia et al.  (Elia et al., 2008).

Dynamics of the water CDs

Water CDs are coherent objects and are eigenstates of the phase Ф . They obey to the  equations :

gradФ= const.A                                      (3)

dФ/dt= const.V                                       (4)

where A and V are the magnetic vector potential and the electric potential respectively. The phase Ф of the CD is thus changed by every externally applied potential , as in the celebrated Bohm-Aharonov effect (Bohm, Aharonov, 1959). In the metastable excited states the phase of the CD includes the rotational frequency of the vortex. We can change the vorticity of the CDs by applying an electric or a magnetic potential. An increase in the vorticity in the coherent water would induce a change in the amount of electrons leaked out from the CDs, which in turn would imply a change of the pH. So we predict that by applying a pair of electrodes on the external wall of a glass vessel containing pure water, so that no electric current is produced, a change of the pH should be observed. Similar effects should appear in living matter because of the negative electric potential near the cell membranes. This class of experiments would produce a supporting evidence for the existence of an array of CDs in water. Moreover the existence of electron vortices in CDs implies the presence of magnetic fields in water. It is well known that in the last century changes in the properties of water that has flowed across the poles of a magnet have been observed.

A vortex in a water CD is characterised by its angular momentum L and by an energy

E_v=L²/2I-gL·B                                        (5)

where I is the (small) moment of inertia of the ensemble of quasi-free electrons and B is the external magnetic field. For small angular momenta these excitations correspond to rotational frequencies in the order of kHz ( Del Giudice and Preparata, 1998). Water CDs can then accept very small energies , but , since these excitations are long living , they can be summed up producing in time very high values of angular momentum and thus of the stored energy. A water CD is a machine able to collect in the surroundings non coherent noise energy and transform it into high grade energy , able to reach the value of the electron excitation of the molecules. The probability of the excitation of the energy levels of the CDs is constant, does not depend on the particular level and then produces a flat spectrum that maximizes the entropy of the trapped e.m. field (Popp, 2002). When released , this energy would produce a dramatic decrease of entropy of the system giving rise to a large potential for self-organisation. The problem is , however : how to find a non thermal way of releasing this stored energy?

A possible way is to activate surrounding  biomolecules, but this is possible in a fast way only if these biomolecules are components of the CD .A molecule different than water could join the CD provided that its frequency matches the CD frequency and its radiative dipole is compatible with the water radiative dipole. The first condition is mandatory and can be fulfilled if the difference between the frequency ν_c of the CD and the frequency ν_i of the i-th “guest molecule” is smaller than kT . In this case the equality between the two frequencies is obtained by extracting the necessary energy from the thermal bath .This phenomenon is well known in Laser physics and is known as “laser cooling” (Beige, Knight and Vitiello, 2005) .Moreover the frequency ν_c of the CD depends on the number of the CD components and hence on T . Then we have the inequality

|ν_c(T)-ν_i|≤kT                                             (6).

Inequality (6) determines the interval of temperature where a given molecular species can be a component of the water CD and consequently to become a biomolecule .On the contrary for a given interval of temperature inequality (6) fixes the molecule species able to become biomolecules. Could this be the reason why only 20 aminoacids out of 200 species existing in nature are used by life? Let us discuss now the condition about radiative dipoles. At room temperature each water CD includes about five millions of molecules, so it is conceivable that a small number of “guest molecules” cannot perturb the profile of the CD’s field. As a matter of fact, biomolecules are the one percent only of the water molecules. Could the observed concentration of biomolecules in living matter be the consequence of the dynamical condition that a water CD cannot govern more than 1% of guest molecules  preserving its coherence?

When a small number of guest molecules joins the water CD , the component molecules are no longer independent but get entangled among themselves and with the water molecules. They cannot receive energy on an individual basis; energy is a common property of the CD and is shared according to the phase relationships among the molecules. The CD becomes a multimode laser, so that when the stored energy matches the chemical activation energy, not of a single molecule, but of the whole array of guest molecules it is transferred to them just in one stroke. Could the multimode laser be the dynamical origin of the “organic codes”?

The above interplay between chemistry and electrodynamics meets two goals. The first one is the onset of a dynamical regulation of the whole array of biochemical reactions, which can proceed now in an ordered way. The second goal is that the CD is able now to discharge the energy stored in it. The combination of these two achievements transforms the water CD, enriched by the guest molecules, in a dissipative structure. As stressed by Prigogine and Froehlich, a dissipative structure should be an open system, able to exchange energy and entropy with the environment. As a matter of fact the water CD receives energy from outside and uses it to charge the biomolecules that react chemically producing new molecule species and output energy. As a consequence the previous coherent configuration is no longer possible and the system could enter in a new one, provided that the newly generated molecules still fit inequality (6) and output energy is released away. This last condition could be satisfied by the supports (membranes, molecular backbones ) interfaced with water. In the case of one dimensional supports, when the CDs assume a tubular shape, this dissipation has been suggested to occur via solitons (Brizhik et al. , 2008). A pulsation emerges if the environment provides a continuous flow of energy, as envisaged by Prigogine and Froehlich. This energy could come from any source. The water CD stores this energy, making it coherent, until it reaches the activation threshold of the guest molecules, that then produce an ordered set of chemical reactions. Molecules and output energy might push the system out of coherence unless they are not dissipated away. The CD starts to be supplied again by the environment and a new cycle emerges. The period, and then the frequency of this pulsation depends both on the intensity of the energy flow and on the rate of the discharge provided by the chemistry.

An ensemble of water CDs traversed by the same flow of energy and in contact with the same biomolecules gets then a chance, according to the general theorem of Preparata, to develop in turn a coherence producing a coherent set of coherence domains. This process can be further iterated producing a hierarchy of levels of coherence, that starting from the tiny domains of water molecules large 0.1 mm could reach eventually the size of cells, organs, tissues, plants, animals, ecosystems.

The autocatalysis in living organisms

The onset of a coherence among the coherence domains allows to produce highly extended regions of coherence whose size is governed by the wavelength λ of the e.m. mode responsible for its formation. The corresponding frequencies become smaller and smaller by increasing the size of the region. In this way cells should correspond to the infrared region, organs to the microwaves.

It is conceivable that a microwave irradiation of liquid water could produce, with the help of the atmospheric gases dissolved in it an extended coherence. This feature has been actually observed (Katsir et al.,2007). An extended coherence could arise also in interfacial water in presence of an external flow of energy (for instance, the sun light) and of dissolved atmospheric gases .It has been reported that water surrounding microspheres (Katsir et al.,2007) and fullerenes (Andrievsky et al., 2005) acquires the same properties of the water irradiated by microwaves. Since the three activation methods are totally different, we must conclude that they are triggers of a process whose dynamics belongs to the water.

In living matter we have the possibility of producing large coherent regions through the interplay of external energy, water and biomolecules under well defined conditions, that include a well defined interval of temperature and a specified set of component molecules as indicated by the inequality (6). Chemical reactions produce a change of the nature of component molecules with time, so that the biological system evolves with time going across many coherent ground states, all different among them. Since these states are coherent, according to the Boehm-Aharonov dynamics, they can be affected by the external e.m. potentials present in the ambient. In this way the environment becomes an ecosystem able to organize via the e.m. potentials the evolution of the enclosed living organisms , that , in turn, can affect the ecosystem through their potential. This interplay is a non-linear process that shapes simultaneously both the ecosystem and its components in a correlated way, able to produce a non-reversible behaviour; in other words nature develops an history. The redundancies of components in coherent arrays and their sensitivity to small stimuli allows to produce different behaviours in different realizations of the same system, so that the system cannot be always the same. This is the origin of different individuals in the same species.

Conclusions

The picture sketched in the present paper is still very preliminary and needs much further research before achieving a level that allows a close dialogue with the empirical evidence. Nevertheless, this picture fits in a qualitative way some main global properties of living processes that are completely unexplained in the frame of conventional biology . In particular, the existence of organic codes in biochemical reactions, the emergence of self-organisation at the different levels of the biological architecture, the existence of a well defined interval of temperature where life becomes possible, the selection of the biomolecules among all possible molecule species and their universal presence in all the living species. These are goals that appear reachable in the present conceptual frame. The main pioneering ideas of Froehlich and Prigogine appear corroborated so that Quantum Electro Dynamics (QED) assumes in the analysis of living matter the same role played by chemistry and thermodynamics of irreversible processes.

Acknowledgement

We thank Prof. J. Pokorny and Prof. A. Liboff for stimulating discussions during the International Symposium “Biophysical aspects of cancer electromagnetic mechanism” (Prague, Czech Republic, July 1-3, 2008). We acknowledge also many fruitful conversations with our friends, Prof. G.Vitiello on Quantum Field Theory, Prof. V.L. Voeikov on the properties of liquid water in biology, Profs. L.S. Brizhik, F.A. Popp and E. Tiezzi on the self-organisation in living matter.

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